Introduction: This study aims to investigate how quantitative and qualitative aspects of social networks and social participation are associated with suicide ideation in late adulthood. 

Methods: Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) data products from 2008 to 2022 were used for the analysis. Social networks with spouses/partners, children, other family members, and friends were assessed through questionnaires. Subjective loneliness was measured by the 11-item UCLA Loneliness Scale. Suicide ideation was evaluated by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Major Depression Module. Social participation was assessed by questions focusing on the frequency of participation. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) modeling was used to investigate the longitudinal association between social networks and suicide ideation. 

Results: Subjective loneliness was positively associated with suicide ideation (OR per 1pt = 1.07, 95% UI 1.03 – 1.10). Subjective sense of control over health was negatively associated with suicide ideation (OR per 1pt = 0.90, 95% UI 0.86 – 0.95). Social networks with family and friends did not show significant association between suicide ideations. Social participation was negatively associated with suicide risk (OR per 1pt = 0.74, 95% UI 0.59 – 0.92). Charity/volunteer was significantly associated with suicide risk (OR per 1pt = 0.85, 95% CI 0.72 – 0.99) while education/training and club/organization activity were not. 

Discussion: Subjective loneliness was associated with suicide ideation in late adulthood. Social networks with family and friends did not show significant association between suicide ideation. Elderly engaging with charity or volunteering had lower odds of having suicidal ideation.